The Fall of France in 1940 and the dramatic Dunkirk Evacuation

Following Germany's invasion of Poland on the 1st of September 1939, Britain and France had declared war, which officially began World War II.

British military commanders expected a rapid attack towards France, so sent the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to help defend France and Belgium over the winter of 1939–40. 

However, there was no sign of a German attack. In fact, for the rest of the winter, the Allies prepared their defensive strategy but did not invade Germany. 

Since there was no fighting during this time, this period became known as the ‘Phoney War’. 

It was not that the Germans were not fighting a war during late 1939 and early 1940, it was just that their forces were occupied elsewhere.

In the spring of 1940, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway. Denmark surrendered immediately, while Norway fought back until it was conquered on the 10th of June.

Adolf Hitler was surprised when Britain and France had declared war in September 1939, and was not entirely prepared for battle. 

During the 'Phoney War' period, he had to develop a military strategy for victory.

He planned a rapid German attack into the Netherlands and Belgium. This strategy was called Blitzkrieg, which meant ‘lightning war’. 

It relied upon the German forces striking as fast as possible with as much power as possible, to overwhelm the defenders and keep them retreating. 

This would only work with coordinated movements of tanks, artillery, infantry and aircraft. 

It was theorised by German military planners that Blitzkrieg would be successful if it could stop the enemy from reorganising and counterattacking.

To maximise the success of this attack, the Allies had to be caught off guard and attacked on multiple fronts.

The British and French had planned their defense based upon a line of defensive structures along France's border with Germany.

One structure was known as the Maginot Line, which was a concrete-enforced line of artillery placements that would be difficult for the Germans to capture without huge loss of life.

The other was the Ardennes Forest, which was considered to be too thick for German units to be able to move through.

Since these locations were considered to be strong enough already, most Allied forces were located to the north, in and around Belgium.

The German army finally launched their attack on the 10th May 1940 when Nazi forces moved into the Netherlands and Belgium.

However, this was a trap, as Hitler hoped that the Allies would move against this force.

As Germany hoped, the Allied forces did move north in large numbers to stop them.

They did not move fast enough to defend the Netherlands, as the country surrendered on the 15th May. 

However, as the Allies were moving north, they didn't notice a second German invasion force, located to the south of their position.

On the same day as the first German army had attacked, the second force had moved through the Ardennes Forest and quickly reached the river Meuse at Sedan in France on the 13th of May.

Before the Allies had time to respond, this second force moved towards the coast, which cut off the British and French forces from the rest of France.

The Allied army was now surrounded by the two German armies. The two Nazi invasion forces now moved towards the Allies from both directions, hoping to surround them and force them to surrender.

This was called a 'pincer movement'. The Allied troops continued to withdraw from the two enemy armies, and tried to make their way to the coastline where they hoped some ships would be able to evacuate some men before they had to surrender.

By the 26th of May, all the French and Belgian ports except from Dunkirk had been captured by the Germans, and that is where the Allied forces headed.

By the end of May 1940, most of the BEF and the French army were trapped in and around Dunkirk.

They set up defensive positions to hold off the Germans for as long as possible, as they waited for some kind of evacuation by sea.

When British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, realised the fact that the entire British and French armies were on the verge of surrender, he came up with a plan to save as many as possible.

It was called 'Operation Dynamo', and it would involve using every ship available to save as many soldiers as possible. 

It was to be coordinated by the Royal Navy's Vice-Admiral Bertram Ramsay.

The operation began on the night of the 26th of May. The army managed to fight off the German advance for nine days, which allowed a constant flow of ships to travel between Dunkirk and England, carrying as many men to safety as possible.

Not only were Royal Navy ships used, but also business-owned transport craft and smaller civilian boats volunteered for the task. 

In total, over 900 ships took part in the operation. German artillery and aircraft constantly attacked the men on the beach and the ships but were unable to stop the evacuation taking place. 

By the evening of the 4th of June, over 338,000 British and Allied troops had been successfully evacuated from Dunkirk to England.

This included approximately 198,000 British and 140,000 French soldiers.

It was far more successful than Churchill had expected, and it meant that the Allied forces did not have to surrender to Germany.

Operation Dynamo is still the largest amphibious evacuation to happen during wartime conditions. 

However, while the evacuation meant that the Allied forces did not have to surrender, it did mean that there was now no longer an Allied army in France to fight back against the German forces. France was left undefended.

Following the eventual capture of Dunkirk, the German Army moved south on the 6th of June 1940. 

One army headed into north central and west central France, while the other moved against the Maginot Line.

The fortresses that made up the Maginot Line gradually fell one by one, while the other force captured Paris on the 14th June. 

France formally surrendered to Hitler on the 22nd June 1940 by signing an armistice.

As a result of the armistice, France was allowed remain in control of the southern half of the country, but had to follow German government orders.

This new French government was based in the city of Vichy. This created a divided France, but ultimately, Germany still owned the country.

Despite the surrender, French civilians and evacuated French forces would continue to fight for their freedom until the end of the war in 1945.